讲座回顾丨如何高效提高托福写作能力(附模板)

明德立人教育


很多学托福的考生们
都特别紧张
尤其在写作部分
紧张到手忙脚乱
无法摆脱中式英语思维
不知道题目如何下手
只能套模板乱用高级词汇
 ......

到底要怎么才能摆脱写作障碍,成为真正的学霸,考出105+的好成绩!!!为了更好的帮助到同学们,名师指引、战略提升必不可少。为此我们邀请到了北外教育语言学硕士Halyk老师来拯救大家的托福写作,给学生更专业的阅读解题思路以及方法,让你高效备考,成绩提升!
 


讲座名称

托福提分系列第三讲:挽救你的托福写作!


讲座时间

2019年10月29日


讲座概要

1.你知道在托福写作部分大部分学生们怎么make or brake their score ?


2.快速熟悉怎么写托福independent essay and how to correctly use essay templates.


3.Do you know what is thesis statement?  Function of thesis statement? 


4.Do you know what the Essay Raters look for when they check your essay ? Halyk老师解析 


下面我们对本场讲座的主要内容进行一下整体回顾,同学们也可以添加明德小助手微信并回复“1029”直接收听Halyk老师老师的精彩分享!

1.托福写作改革后分析



我们都知道,2019 年 8 月 1 日起,托福考试进行改革,我们来简单看看改革后的综合写作、独立写作的变化。


综合写作

练习综合写作时,可以先从TPO开始,第一遍一定要先自己动手写答案,如果不自己动笔写,那后面的步骤便没有任何意义。第二遍,对照答案分析自己写的答案,再次整理、润色,最好能把作文给专业的老师修改一下。


综合写作不仅仅考察了写作能力,还再次考察了考生的听力和阅读能力,如果考生在这两个单项上能拿高分,再找到做题的正确方法,分数都不会太低。


独立写作

独立写作相比综合写作,重点在于论证清晰、简明并有说服力。论据和例子的积累在独立写作部分显得尤为重要,如果没有积累,考试时常会在考场上出现“无话可写”的情况。所以在积累素材时要根据话题归档分类,从已经掌握的词汇到句子,逐个根据话题进行归类。


综合写作流程


对于综合写作听力部分的内容,学生首先需要听清楚总观点,之后陈述演讲和文章的主题。给出演讲和文章的观点。所以在正文或者综合写作里我们要牢记:


总结并复述演讲和文章中的材料。
平衡你从演讲和文章中所取材料的数量。
综合并引用演讲和文章中的材料。
不要使用任何“外部”信息。


结论
总结文章和讲座的要点。
不要对这个问题发表你自己的意见。

综合写作模板(均为英文书写,考生们来看看你的英语吧)


Introduction:
The reading and the lecture are both about…. (which is about …. (if required))
The author of the reading believes that…
The lecturer challenges the statement made by the author.
He/ She is of the opinion that …


Integrated essay template
Body 1:
First of all, the author suggests that ….
It is mentioned that
This argument is challenged by lecturer.
He/ She says…
Furthermore, he/ she argues that…
Body 2:
Secondly, the writer claims that…
The article notes that…
The lecturer, however, rebuts this by asserting that…
He/ She elaborates on this by mentioning…




独立写作任务里的五种问题题型



①Opinion (Agree/Disagree)独立写作的题目一般是观点的题,都是以“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?”开头的。


例如:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers.
 
②Preference做此类写作题目中,对于文章的立场选择与展开结构并未拘泥于传统的“一边倒”和“让步论证”这两种单项支持的文章布局。尤其对于比较类的题目,多数情况可以采用双向支持的论证方法。


例如:Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in?
 
③Hypothetical (imagined situation)在这一类托福独立写作题目中,主要是在讨论一个现在可能存在的或者是将来可能会发生的现象,问你这个现象有没有或者是会不会出现,考生按照这个思路去拓展写作文章。


例如:If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change?
 
Explain/describe.例如:What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)?
 
⑤Compare/contrast; advantages/disadvantages这类题目在考试中也是比较常见的,题目中会含有2个或者3个选项来让你选择。这些选择当中可能是不同事物的横向对比,也有可能是同一事物的纵向对比,或者是今夕对比,这种情况出现的较多。如果出现这类题目时可能会同应不应该题或者是现象证明题进行混搭,这样效果会更好一些。

例如:It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?


独立写作准则


仔细阅读这个主题,并按所呈现的内容写下来。把你的回答组织得非常清楚。清楚地陈述并解释你的观点。

用例子、理由和细节来支持你的观点。
根据提示写出一个统一的、组织良好的、连贯的回答。
写出各种句型。使用正确的语法和复杂的词汇。
校对你写的东西。
 


Independent essay Introduction+Analyzing


Prompt:

Is it better to live in the countryside or in the city ?

Explain your reasons giving examples.

Why introduction is important ?

This is where you make or brake you score

Here, the grader understands what you are about to do

The grader understands if you understood the question and topic

Understands if you know what you are talking about

Understands if you knew how to plan well

Understands if you can paraphrase the prompt

Understand about your position on topic


Independent essay introduction

What do you need to answer in your introduction?

What is the topic? Decode the topic.

What is the question?

What is my opinion on topic?

What are my reasons?


Independent essay introduction

How to start the introduction

Hook – ( 1-2 general sentence about the topic )

Thesis statement --- ?

Thesis statement is a single, specific claim that your essay supports. It includes a topic, a precise opinion, and a reasoning.

Three parts of the thesis statement

The subject

The precise opinion

The blueprint of reasons


Independent essay introduction

Three parts of the thesis statement

The subject- that is the basically topic of your essay

The precise opinion-  your opinion on the subject/the topic of your essay

The blueprint of reasons- this is where you show your reader HOW you plan to argue and prove your opinion. Typically, you should  have 2-3 strong reasons/ arguments to support your opinion. Later, you will expand on each detail in the body of your essay.



Independent essay introduction

Introduction

A)


Deciding where to live is one of life’s more difficult choices. One may opt for life in the country or the city. From my point of view, life in the city is more advantageous. This is due to the fact that the city offers better economic and social opportunities.


Introduction

B)

As a person reaches adulthood, he needs to decide on where he would prefer to live. Finding good place to live is an inseparable part of our life. If I were asked to choose to live between the countryside or city, I would prefer the latter one for the reasons that the city offers better economic and social opportunities.


Analyzing independent essay


Body 2:

Template:


1)介绍你的理由的主题句。例如:“首先,首要的原因是……”

(2)一句或两句话,提供关于这个理由或论点的一般信息。详细说明你的理由

3)一个类似于或例子的转变:我自己的经历就是一个令人信服的例子。/例如/例如/从我自己的经验中画出来/举例说明/举例说明…

4)你生活中的一个个人例子(三到五句话)或你编造的东西

5)一句话的结论,重申你的主要理由。


Secondly, children who live in cities are exposed to people from many walks of life, while those in the countryside communicate with only one type of person. Cities are usually magnets for new immigrants to my country, and are populated by individual from many different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. It is useful for children to have friends who come from different walks of life. For instance, my young cousin is growing up in New York, which is the largest city in my country. She is still just a college student, but she is comfortable interacting with people who speak a variety of languages, and who have religious beliefs that are different from her own. Moreover, she recently mentioned that she was able to find employment at a company looking for workers with an international perspective. Accordingly, I think that people who live in cities can enjoy a variety of beneficial interactions.


Conclusion


Template


In essence/ In conclusion/ Based on above mentioned reasons / Based on above mentioned factors, we may reach the conclusion that…/ Taking into account above mentioned reasons......

This is because Reason 1, and Reason 2


In essence, I strongly believe that it is better for children to grow up cities than in rural areas. This is because cities are home to a variety of educational venues, and because they have very diverse and cosmopolitan populations.


托福独立写作注意事项

第一点:压缩审题的时间


独立写作题库是公开的,它的题型和题材都不会超出题库的范围,你总会在题库中找到类似的题目,加之机经的强大力量,使得TOEFL独立写作真的成了开卷考试。


建议大家应该把审题工作放到考试之前做,争取在1分钟内完成,不要浪费时间,把时间用来打字,而不是思考上面。那些思维风暴、切题思路之类的,应该是事先已经准备过,训练过的。


如果考到了你从来没接触过的题,只能说明你没有准备到位,如果你的审题时间超过了2分钟,那么你的准备也没有到位,这就是开卷考试的备考思维,高分需要去准备。建议大家在考试之前就已经对写作的各种题目都有过训练。

第二点:套路化明显


许多人在写托福写作时会背诵模板,到了考试,不管遇到了什么题目都生搬硬套使用模板,这样在考官判卷的时候,看到很多作文框架千篇一律,如出一辙,极大的降低了考生的分数。


建议大家在备考托福阅读的时候,每天进行英文写作练习,用英文来写日记,在写英文日记的过程中去增强自己的写作能力。


第三点:冗长、累赘


如果过度使用一些词汇,会使得文章看起来比较冗长和累赘。考生有时候觉得使用一些同义替换会给文章增添色彩。诚然这是对的,但是比如:有时候使用As a matter of fact还不如使用Actually来得简洁。

考生有时候对于从句依赖程度过多,有时候可以用一个形容词代替的就不要使用定语从句。建议大家在用一些同义词替换切勿过度使用,否则就是画蛇添足了。


第四点:检查作文错误


在托福独立写作当中,往往会因一些小错误让你的托福写作得不了高分,因此不要跨越长的部分或者尝试添加很多新的材料。在标点符号、拼写和大写以及常见的语法错误中找出明显的错误,这也是托福写作高分很重要的一个部分。


建议大家要尽可能抽出些时间来进行检查,检查作文中有没有单词符号或者语法的错误。



写作分数解密


在学托福的之前,我们一定要了解托福的分数构成以及批改分数的流程。这样才能安心的准备考试。

我们知道托福写作是有机器评分+人工评分。机器评分主要通过E-rater,对考生文章的语法是否正确、用词是否得当、单词拼写及大小写是否准确等方面进行评分。一篇考生的文章会经过两台机器评分;


人工评分通过ETS阅卷人评分,综合写作和独立写作分别有两位阅卷人给出分数。其中,人工评分看的是文章的内容和意义,而机器评分看的是文章的语言特征。之所以采取两种评分方式,是为了保证评分质量和一致性。


在做独立写作时,什么是一篇好文章,好文章的要求是什么?通过ETS官网我们可以看出,5分文章要求:


①文章切题,阐说充分,文章有说服力;

②段落组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有很强的逻辑性;

③段落内句与句连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活,娴熟;

④用词确切,得体。

⑤文章中有个别语法拼写错误,但不影响内容表达。


拥有一个突破性的写作分数看似不是一件容易的事,但是我们在充分了解到考官到底想要怎么样的文章之后,便可以根据其评分标准得出自己的备考方案。之后再尝试提高综合写作、独立写作语言功底方面,我想今天Halyk老师总结的上面若干建议能够极大的帮助同学总结提升语言基本功,写出考官希望得到的语句,帮助大家得到心仪的分数。祝愿考生们可以早日得到优秀的成绩,考进藤校!

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