托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析:句子简化题

最新消息 2019-11-05 09:30:21

 摘要: 托福阅读对阅读能力的考查非常全面,十大题型从词、句、段、章从微观到宏观,要求考生需要具备微观和宏观的阅读能力。而对于这些题型,考生不仅需要熟悉其出题特点,更需要掌握具有针对性的高效解题方法思路。本文将为大家结合托福官方考题实例解析托福阅读难点易错题型句子简化题的解题思路。

 

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托福阅读不同题型在解题思路上是有很大区别的,例如像细节题、否定细节题、推理题、句子简化题属于比较微观的层面,考查的是考生阅读句子的能力,而在托福备考初期,对于词汇和句子的把握是重中之中。而句子简化题是直接对于句子阅读能力的直接考查。下面小编就为大家讲解如何解答句子简化题,希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。 

托福阅读句子简化题分析

 

句子简化题其实是货真价实的Paraphrase,一般就是给出长难句,让选择跟原文意思最为相近的选项。这种题需要一定的把握长难句的能力,也需要一定的语法基础。如果考过GMAT的,做惯了Sentence Correction的同学应该觉得不太难。这种题还需要多练习,小编也从技巧的角度来作出一些解释。 按照托福官方指南OG的解释是,错误选项通常犯了如下两个错误:一是与原文意思相悖,二是漏掉了原文重要的内容。要解决这个问题,首先应该把句子的主要成分,即主谓宾分析句子,分清哪里是主干哪里是细节信息。选的时候一定要再三斟酌,切忌看了某一个选项就做出决定而不管其它三个。
这其中涉及的考点较多,句子简化题是一个综合类的考察题目。五大基本句型和并列句在其中是一个基础考点。 五大基本句型我们通常指的是以下五种: 

①主+谓

 

②主+谓+宾

 

③主+系+表

 

④主+谓+间宾+直宾

 

⑤主+谓+宾+宾补

  句子简化题的要求首先是能分清主干和枝干的概念,那么主干和枝干分别指的是什么呢?

 

一个句子的主干通常指的是: 

+谓

 

+谓+宾

 

+系+表

 

+谓+间宾+直宾

 而一个句子的枝干通常指的是: 

定、状、补。

 

例如下面长句找主干:Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communitiescomes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supportsmore kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.  句子·的主干意思为:生态学家认为稳定性来源于Patchiness逗号之前是一个带宾语从句的复合句,逗号之后是对environment的解释,这个部分由一个同位语和一个同位语从句组成。

 

托福阅读句子简化题解题基本思路实例分析


对于句子简化题,有一些题目如果句子不长,我们做题的基本原则之一就是:同义替换。找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如:

In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.

 

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

 

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

 

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

 

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

 

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先来看题干:Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题,即首先翻译原句,然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间,而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。

 

更好的做法是,首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题,原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换,即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句,多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。

 

那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。 其实,我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息,相反,我们通过快速浏览,只需要关注两个关键点:一是原句当中的表示程度,频率的词,二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息,只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可,这样便节省了大量的时间。例子2:

 

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

 

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

 

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

 

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

 

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

 

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解题思路:

 

句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断,为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围,首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息:主语,来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化,而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项,A为正确答案。

 

将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来,对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目:

 

It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

 

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

 

A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

 

B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

 

C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

 

D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

浏览原句,从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系,并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有,那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项,A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词,此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
注意:几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题,因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章,或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上,还应该注意原文的逻辑关系,培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外,一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解,平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。例子4:

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

 

A.Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

 

B.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

 

C.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

 

D.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

我们快速地抓到原句中的因果关系连接词result from,所以优先考虑是因果关系的A和D两个选项,原句中的结果很明显是比较简洁的部分,那么就去匹配A和D中的结果,A中的结果部分讲的是减缓沙漠化非常困难,与原句中的结果沙漠化严重不符,所以排除A,而D选项的结果部分与原句结果部分一致,所以答案选择D,是不是很简洁呢。 细心的同学可能已经发现了,其实原句中还有另外一种逻辑关系,原因部分中有and, as well as连接的并列关系,没错,那我们为什么没有依据并列关系来做这道题呢?这就提醒大家,如果原句中有不止一种逻辑关系,那我们优先依据的肯定是主要逻辑关系,像这道题中的因果关系,因为并列关系出现在原因部分是次要关系,而且匹配复杂度较高。 通过上面几个句子简化题实例,句子简化题分析总结如下

 

1. 找原句中是否有明确的逻辑关系词,如果有,优先考虑逻辑关系一致的选项,并且优先匹配比较简洁的那部分(比如因果关系中,原因只有几个单词,结果却有两行多,那我们优先考虑匹配的肯定是原因部分); 2. 如果原句中没有明确的逻辑关系,那么去找句子的主要信息:主语、谓语动词、从句的主谓,然后也是挑选比较简洁的部分优先匹配。 以上就是小编为大家带来的托福阅读句子简化题解题思路的实例讲解,你掌握了吗?希望能帮助大家更好地应对这一题型,并拿到更为理想的阅读成绩。

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